Broken hand

Date Updated: 09/15/2025

Overview

A broken hand occurs when one or more of the bones of your hand break or crack, often because of a fall. When falling, people reach out their hands to catch themselves. This movement is instinctive. This can lead to a break or crack, also called a fracture. A direct blow to the hand also may cause a break or crack. And a motor vehicle crash can cause hand bones to break, sometimes into many pieces. This type of injury often requires surgical repair.

Breaking a hand is more likely if you play certain sports, such as football or hockey. It also is more likely if you have a condition that makes bones weaker and easier to break, called osteoporosis.

A break or crack in one of the bones in the hand is called a metacarpal fracture. A break or crack in one of the bones in the fingers is called a phalangeal fracture.

It's important to treat a broken hand right away. If not treated, the bones may not heal correctly. This makes everyday tasks, such as writing or buttoning a shirt, difficult. Early treatment also helps lessen pain and stiffness.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of a broken hand include:

Severe pain that may worsen when gripping or squeezing or moving your hand or wrist.
Swelling.
Tenderness.
Bruising.
Obvious deformity, such as a crooked finger.
Stiffness or inability to move your fingers or thumb.
Numbness in your hand or fingers.

When to call a doctor

If you think you might have a broken hand, see a healthcare professional right away. If you have numbness, swelling or trouble moving your fingers, seek medical care right away. Delaying diagnosis and treatment can lead to poor healing, reduced range of motion and weaker grip strength.

Causes

A strong impact or crushing injury can break any of the bones in your hands. Common causes include:

Falls. Falling on an outstretched hand is one of the most common causes of a broken hand.
Sports injuries. Fractures often occur during contact sports or activities where falling on an outstretched hand is likely. These include activities such as pickleball, snowboarding and in-line skating.
Motor vehicle crashes. Car crashes can cause severe fractures, sometimes breaking bones into multiple pieces and requiring surgery to repair.

Risk factors

Participating in certain sports increases your risk of breaking bones in a hand. Having a condition that weakens bones, called osteoporosis, also makes fractures more likely.

Complications

Complications of a broken hand are rare, but they include:

Ongoing stiffness, aching or limited movement. While discomfort typically improves after a cast is removed or surgery is completed, some people have lasting pain or stiffness. Be patient with your recovery. Talk to your healthcare professional about exercises or a referral to physical or occupational therapy.
Osteoarthritis. Fractures that extend into the joint can cause arthritis years later. If your hand starts to hurt or swells long after a break, contact your healthcare professional.
Nerve or blood vessel damage. A hand injury can affect nearby nerves and blood vessels. If you have numbness, swelling or a change in the color of your skin, seek emergency medical care.

Prevention

You can't always prevent unexpected events that lead to a broken hand, but these tips may help reduce your risk.

Build bone strength

To build strong bones:

Eat a nutritious diet with enough calcium and vitamin D.
Get plenty of weight-bearing exercise, such as brisk walking.
Quit smoking if you smoke.

Prevent falls

To help prevent falls:

Wear sensible shoes.
Remove things you can trip over in your home, such as throw rugs.
Light up your living space.
Have your vision checked and, if needed, corrected.
Install grab bars in your bathroom.
Install handrails on your stairways.
Avoid slippery surfaces, if possible, such as walkways covered with snow or ice.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing a broken hand typically involves a physical exam of the injured area and X-rays.

Other imaging tests

Sometimes additional imaging tests can give more detail. These include:

CT scan. CT scans can detect hand fractures that X-rays may miss. A CT scan also helps identify injuries to soft tissues and blood vessels by combining multiple X-ray images to create detailed cross-sectional views of the injured area.
MRI. Using radio waves and a strong magnetic field, an MRI produces highly detailed images of bones and soft tissues. An MRI is much more sensitive than an X-ray and can detect tiny fractures and ligament injuries.

Treatment

If the broken bone ends aren't aligned, there may be gaps between the pieces of bone or overlapping fragments. To correct this, your healthcare professional does a procedure called a reduction. A reduction repositions the bone pieces so they have the best chance to heal well. Depending on the level of pain and swelling, you may need anesthesia before the procedure. Local anesthesia numbs a specific area of the body. You don’t feel pain, but you remain alert and awake. General anesthesia puts you into a deep sleep. Often, a reduction may be done during surgery.

Whatever your treatment, it's important to move your fingers regularly as you heal to prevent stiffness. Ask your healthcare professional about the best ways to move them. If you smoke, quit. Smoking can delay or prevent bone healing.

Immobilization

Limiting movement in a broken hand is called immobilization. Whether your treatment is surgical or nonsurgical, you may need to wear a cast or splint for up to six months for proper healing. To reduce pain and swelling, you'll also be advised to keep your hand elevated above heart level as much as possible.

Medicines

To manage pain, your healthcare professional may recommend a pain reliever you can buy without a prescription. For more severe pain, an opioid medicine may be prescribed.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, also called NSAIDs, can help with pain relief but may slow bone healing, especially with long-term use. Talk to your healthcare professional before taking NSAIDs.

If you have an open fracture, you'll likely be given an antibiotic to prevent infection from reaching the bone. An open fracture happens when the bone breaks through the skin or when there is a wound near the fracture.

Therapy

After your cast or splint is removed, you'll likely need rehabilitation exercises or physical therapy to improve flexibility and restore movement in your hand. While rehab can help, full recovery may take several months or longer.

Surgical and other procedures

If immobilization isn't an option, you might need surgery to implant pins, plates, rods or screws to hold your bones in place while they heal. Or a bone graft may be used to help healing. You may need one of these options if you have any of the following:

An open fracture.
A fracture where the bone pieces move before they heal. This is called an unstable or displaced fracture.
Loose bone fragments that could enter a joint.
Damage to the surrounding ligaments, nerves or blood vessels.
Fractures that extend into a joint.

Even after reduction and immobilization with a cast or splint, your bones can shift. Your healthcare professional likely will monitor your progress with X-rays. If your bones move, you may need surgery.

Preparing for your appointment

If you have a broken hand, you may first seek treatment in an emergency room or urgent care clinic. If the broken bones aren't properly aligned for healing with immobilization, you may be referred to a specialist who treats bone and joint conditions, called an orthopedic surgeon.

What you can do

You may want to write a list that includes:

A description of your symptoms and how, where and when the injury occurred.
Information about your family's and your medical histories.
All the medicines and dietary supplements you take, including doses.
Questions you want to ask your healthcare professional.

For a broken hand, questions to ask include:

What tests do I need?
What's the best course of action?
Will I need surgery?
Will I need to wear a cast? If so, for how long?
Will I need physical therapy when the cast comes off?
Are there restrictions that I need to follow?
Should I see a specialist?

What to expect from your doctor

Your healthcare professional may ask:

What is your occupation?
Was your wrist or hand bent backward or forward when the injury occurred?
Are you right-handed or left-handed?
Where does it hurt? Do certain movements make it hurt more or less?
Have you had previous hand or wrist injuries or surgery?